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The
DBMS_REDACT
package provides an interface to Oracle Data Redaction, which enables you to mask (redact) data that is returned from queries issued by low-privileged users or an application.See Also:
- Oracle Database Advanced Security Guide regarding using Data Redaction to protect sensitive data
This chapter contains the following topics:
- Overview
- Security Model
- Constants
- Operating Procedures
Using DBMS_REDACT
Overview
Data Redaction provides a way to define masking policies for an application. Oracle Data Redaction provides functionality to mask (redact) data that is returned from user
SELECT
queries. The masking takes place in real time. The Data Redaction policy applies to the querying user, depending on this user's SYS_CONTEXT
values. This redaction process does not require that the queried data be static or unchanging, or for the entire data set to be redacted at one time in an off-line manner. Oracle Database redacts only the data for the rows specified by the user's query, not the data for the entire column. The redaction takes place immediately before the data is returned to the querying user or application.Security Model
If the querying user has the
EXEMPT REDACTION POLICY
system privilege, redaction will not be performed. If the user does not have the EXEMPT REDACTION POLICY
system privilege, the policy expression will be evaluated in the current user's environment. If the policy expression evaluates to TRUE
, then redaction will be performed, otherwise no redaction will be performed.You need the
EXECUTE
privilege on the DBMS_REDACT
package in order to execute its subprograms. Procedures in the interface are executed with privileges of the current user.Constants
The
DBMS_REDACT
package uses the constants shown in the following tables:Table 121-1 Values for function_type Parameter of DBMS_REDACT.ADD_POLICY
Redacted 1 0 2
Constant | Value | Type | Description |
---|---|---|---|
NONE | 0 | BINARY_INTEGER | No redaction |
FULL | 1 | BINARY_INTEGER | Redact to fixed values |
PARTIAL | 2 | BINARY_INTEGER | Partial redaction, redact a portion of the column data |
RANDOM | 4 | BINARY_INTEGER | Random redaction, each query results in a different random value |
REGEXP | 5 | BINARY_INTEGER | Regular expression based redaction |
![Redacted 1 0 2 Redacted 1 0 2](https://ip.bitcointalk.org/?u=https%3A%2F%2Fi.imgur.com%2FIHD9sXU.jpg&t=618&c=5TW3_Xgj6qLb3Q)
Table 121-2 Values for action Parameter of DBMS_REDACT.ALTER_POLICY
Constant | Value | Type | Description |
---|---|---|---|
ADD_COLUMN | 1 | BINARY_INTEGER | Add a column to the redaction policy |
DROP_COLUMN | 2 | BINARY_INTEGER | Drop a column from the redaction policy |
MODIFY_EXPRESSION | 3 | BINARY_INTEGER | Modify the expression of a redaction policy (the expression evaluates to a BOOLEAN value: if TRUE then redaction is applied, otherwise not) |
MODIFY_COLUMN | 4 | BINARY_INTEGER | Modify a column in the redaction policy to change the redaction function_type or the function_parameters |
SET_POLICY_DESCRIPTION | 5 | BINARY_INTEGER | Set a description for the redaction policy |
SET_COLUMN_DESCRIPTION | 6 | BINARY_INTEGER | Set a description for the redaction performed on the column |
Operating Procedures
The following table presents the relationship between the type of redaction function and its parameters, based on the datatype of the column being redacted. Examples of the various format strings are provided, showing how to perform some commonplace redaction for a string datatype (in this case, a Social Security Number (SSN)), a
DATE
datatype, and various examples of redaction for the number datatype.Table 121-3 Data Redaction Function Types
function_type | function_parameters | Examples |
---|---|---|
DBMS_REDACT.NONE | ||
DBMS_REDACT.FULL | ||
DBMS_REDACT.PARTIAL (for character types) | A comma-separated list, containing the following five fields (with no spaces after the commas delimiting the fields):
See Table 121-4, 'Format Descriptors with Component Field Names and Delimiters'. | 'VVVFVVFVVVV,VVV-VV-VVVV,X,1,5' for masking the first 5 digits of SSN strings like 123-45-6789 , adding dashes back to format it, resulting in strings like XXX-XX-6789 'VVVFVVFVVVV,VVV VV VVVV,X,1,5' for masking the first 5 digits of SSN strings like 123-45-6789 , adding spaces to format it, resulting in strings like XXX XX 6789 |
REDACT_PARTIAL_INPUT_FORMAT - the input format: V for value to be possibly redacted, F for formatting character to be ignored | The REDACT_PARTIAL_INPUT_FORMAT field value VVVFVVFVVVV for matching SSN strings like 123-45-6789 | |
REDACT_PARTIAL_OUTPUT_FORMAT - the output format: V for output of redaction. Any other character will be treated as a formatting character and output literally. | The REDACT_PARTIAL_OUTPUT_FORMATfield value VVV-VV-VVVV can be used to redact SSN strings into XXX-XX-6789 (X comes from REDACT_PARTIAL_MASKCHAR field). | |
REDACT_PARTIAL_MASKCHAR - the character used to redact the input | The value X for redacting SSN strings into XXX-XX-6789 . | |
REDACT_PARTIAL_MASKFROM - specifies which V within the REDACT_PARTIAL_INPUT_FORMAT from which to start the redaction (see explanation following the next entry, REDACT_PARTIAL_MASKTO ) | The value 1 for redacting SSN strings starting at the first V of REDACT_PARTIAL_INPUT_FORMAT of VVVFVVFVVVV into strings like XXX-XX-6789 | |
REDACT_PARTIAL_MASKTO - specifies which V within the REDACT_PARTIAL_INPUT_FORMAT at which to end the redaction | The value 5 for redacting SSN strings up to and including the fifth V within REDACT_PARTIAL_INPUT_FORMAT of VVVFVVFVVVV into strings like XXX-XX-6789 . Note how the format character '-' (corresponding to the first F within REDACT_PARTIAL_INPUT_FORMAT ) is ignored as far as redaction is concerned, so the value here is 5 as opposed to 6 . | |
The REDACT_PARTIAL_MASKFROM and REDACT_PARTIAL_MASKTO field values are specified as counts of the number of V characters in the REDACT_PARTIAL_INPUT_FORMAT field, up to and including the intended position, starting from the leftmost V . This way, REDACT_PARTIAL_MASKFROM and REDACT_PARTIAL_MASKTO are independent of the specific formatting of the data. For example, in the common use case of masking an SSN to show only the last four digits, data like 123456789 (with REDACT_PARTIAL_INPUT_FORMAT of VVVVVVVVV ) and data like 123-45-6789 (with REDACT_PARTIAL_INPUT_FORMAT of VVVFVVFVVVV ), would both use REDACT_PARTIAL_MASKFROM of 1 and REDACT_PARTIAL_MASKTO of 5 . | ||
DBMS_REDACT.PARTIAL (for number types) | A comma-separated list, containing the following three fields (with no spaces after the commas delimiting the fields):
See Table 121-4, 'Format Descriptors with Component Field Names and Delimiters'. | '9,1,5' for redacting the first 5 digits of an SSN number 123456789 into 999996789 ; or '0,1,2' for redacting a number 1.23 to 0.03 . |
REDACT_PARTIAL_MASKCHAR - the character used to redact the input, in the range between 0 and 9 REDACT_PARTIAL_MASKFROM - the position, starting from 1, from which to start the redaction. The position does not include the decimal point if it is present.REDACT_PARTIAL_MASKTO - the position at which to end the redaction | ||
DBMS_REDACT.PARTIAL (for datetime datatypes) | A list, containing the following five fields (concatenated so that there is no space between the fields):
See Table 121-4, 'Format Descriptors with Component Field Names and Delimiters'. | 'm12DYHMS' , which changes 01-May-01 01:01:01 to 01-Dec-01 01:01:01 . |
REDACT_PARTIAL_DATE_MONTH : 'M' (no masking of month) or 'm#' (mask month to a specific month, if possible), where # (the month specified by its number) is between 1 and 12 REDACT_PARTIAL_DATE_DAY : 'D' (no masking of date) or 'd#' (mask day to # , if possible), # between 1 and 31 REDACT_PARTIAL_DATE_YEAR : 'Y' (no masking of year) or 'y#' (mask year to # , if possible), # between 1 and 9999 REDACT_PARTIAL_DATE_HOUR : 'H' (no masking of hour) or 'h#' (mask hour to # , if possible), # between 0 and 23 REDACT_PARTIAL_DATE_MINUTE : 'M' (no masking of minute) or 'm#' (mask minute to # , if possible), # between 0 and 59 REDACT_PARTIAL_DATE_SECOND : 'S' (no masking of second) or 's#' (mask second to # , if possible), # between 0 and 59 | ||
DBMS_REDACT.RANDOM |
Table 121-4 Format Descriptors with Component Field Names and Delimiters
Datatype | Format Descriptor for Partial redaction |
---|---|
Character | REDACT_PARTIAL_INPUT_FORMAT || ',' || REDACT_PARTIAL_OUTPUT_FORMAT || ',' || REDACT_PARTIAL_MASKCHAR || ',' || REDACT_PARTIAL_MASKFROM || ',' || REDACT_PARTIAL_MASKTO |
Number | REDACT_PARTIAL_MASKCHAR || ',' || REDACT_PARTIAL_MASKFROM || ',' || REDACT_PARTIAL_MASKTO |
Datetime | REDACT_PARTIAL_DATE_MONTH || REDACT_PARTIAL_DATE_DAY || REDACT_PARTIAL_DATE_YEAR || REDACT_PARTIAL_DATE_HOUR || REDACT_PARTIAL_DATE_MINUTE || REDACT_PARTIAL_DATE_SECOND |
Summary of DBMS_REDACT Subprograms
Table 121-5 DBMS_REDACT Package Subprograms
Subprogram | Description |
---|---|
Defines a Data Redaction policy for a table or view | |
Alters a Data Redaction policy for a table or view | |
Disables a Data Redaction policy | |
Drops a Data Redaction policy | |
Enables a Data Redaction policy | |
Modifies the default displayed values for a Data Redaction policy for full redaction |
ADD_POLICY Procedure
This procedure defines a Data Redaction policy for a table or view.
Parameters
Table 121-6 ADD_POLICY Procedure Parameters
Parameter | Description |
---|---|
object_schema | Schema owning the table, current user if NULL |
object_name | Name of table or view to which to add a Data Redaction policy |
policy_name | Name of policy |
column_name | [Optional] Name of one column to which the redaction policy applies. If you must redact more than one column, use the ALTER_POLICY Procedure to add the additional columns. |
function_type | Type of redaction function to use. Possible values are: - DBMS_REDACT.NONE - DBMS_REDACT.FULL (default)- DBMS_REDACT.PARTIAL - DBMS_REDACT.RANDOM - DBMS_REDACT.REGEXP If the function_type is DBMS_REDACT.REGEXP, then the function_parameters parameter must be omitted completely, and the regexp_* parameters must be used to define the Data Redaction policy.See Table 121-1, 'Values for function_type Parameter of DBMS_REDACT.ADD_POLICY' for an overview of the meanings of these values, and for some examples of their use. |
function_parameters | Parameters to the redaction function. The possible values depend on the value of the function_type provided.If the function_type is DBMS_REDACT.REGEXP, then the function_parameters parameter must be omitted completely, and the regexp_* parameters must be used to define the Data Redaction policy.- DBMS_REDACT.NONE : Can be omitted entirely and defaults to NULL - DBMS_REDACT.FULL : Can be omitted entirely and defaults to NULL - Masking parameters for partial character masking. For character datatypes, a comma-separated list containing these fields:
For number datatypes, a comma-separated list containing these fields:
|
For datetime datatypes, the format is a packed string (no spaces or commas) containing the following sequence of fields. Please note that each field can consist of one or more characters, and the field length depends on whether masking is required. The one-character fields are used to specify that no redaction of that component of the datetime value is to take place. The longer fields indicate a specific time or date to use as the redacted value of that component of the datetime value.
An example is 'm12dyhs' , which changes 02-May-13 12:30:23 to 01-Dec-01 01:01:01 For partial character and number-masking shortcuts, see Oracle Database Advanced Security Guide. | |
expression | Boolean expression for the table or view, using either the SYS_CONTEXT function or 1=1 . Redaction takes place only if this policy expression evaluates to TRUE . |
enable | Boolean value that determines whether the Data Redaction policy is enabled on creation. The default value is TRUE , which means that the policy is automatically enabled upon creation. Pdf expert by readdle 1 1 download free. If the enable parameter is set to FALSE , the policy takes effect only when it is subsequently enabled by calling the DBMS_REDACT.ENABLE_POLICY procedure. |
regexp_pattern | Regular expression pattern up to 512 bytes. Use only if the function_type parameter is DBMS_REDACT.REGEXP . Also, do not specify the function_parameters parameter when function_type is DBMS_REDACT.REGEXP .See Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for more information and examples on using regular expression patterns. |
regexp_replace_string | Replacement string (up to 4000 characters in length) with up to 500 back-references to subexpressions in the form n , where n is a number between 1 and 9.Use only if the function_type parameter is DBMS_REDACT.REGEXP |
regexp_position | Integer counting from 1, specifies the position where the search must begin. Use only if the function_type parameter is DBMS_REDACT.REGEXP |
regexp_occurrence |
Use only if the function_type parameter is DBMS_REDACT.REGEXP |
regexp_match_parameter | Changes the default matching behavior, possible values are a combination of 'i', 'c', 'n', 'm', 'x' Use only if the function_type parameter is DBMS_REDACT.REGEXP See Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for more information and examples on using regular expression match parameters. |
policy_description | Description of redaction policy |
column_description | Description of the column being redacted |
Exceptions
ORA-28060
- A Data Redaction policy already exists on this column.ORA-28061
- This object cannot have a Data Redaction policy defined on it.ORA-28062
- The policy expression is too long.ORA-28063
- The policy expression is empty.ORA-28064
- The type of redaction function is not valid.ORA-28066
- Invalid columncolumn
ORA-28069
- A Data Redaction policy already exists on this object.ORA-28073
- The columncolumn_name
has an unsupported datatype.ORA-28074
- Thefield
field_name
of the masking parameters is not validThe field can be any of the following:REDACT_PARTIAL_INPUT_FORMAT
REDACT_PARTIAL_OUTPUT_FORMAT
REDACT_PARTIAL_MASKCHAR
REDACT_PARTIAL_MASKFROM
REDACT_PARTIAL_MASKTO
REDACT_PARTIAL_DATE_MONTH
REDACT_PARTIAL_DATE_DAY
REDACT_PARTIAL_DATE_YEAR
REDACT_PARTIAL_DATE_HOUR
REDACT_PARTIAL_DATE_MINUTE
REDACT_PARTIAL_DATE_SECOND
See Table 121-3 and Table 121-4 for examples of the field contents and field ordering.ORA-28075
- The policy expression has unsupported functionsORA-28076
- An attribute was not specified forSYS_SESSION_ROLES
ORA-28077
- The attribute specified (attribute
) exceeds the maximum lengthORA-28078
- A regular expression parameter is missing or invalidORA-28082
- The parameter parameter is invalid (where the possible values arefunction_parameters
,column_description
,policy_name
andpolicy_description
)ORA-28085
- The input and output lengths of the redaction do not match.
Usage Notes
See Operating Procedures for more information regarding function types and function parameters with related examples.
Example
Partial redaction policy:
Full redaction policy:
ALTER_POLICY Procedure
This procedure alters an existing Data Redaction policy for a table or view in one or more of the following ways:
- By changing the policy expression
- By changing the type of redaction for a specified column
- By changing the parameters to the redaction function for a specified column
- By adding a column to the redaction policy (the redaction type and any parameters must be specified).
- By removing a column from the redaction policy
Parameters
Table 121-7 ALTER_POLICY Procedure Parameters
Parameter | Description |
---|---|
object_schema | Schema owning the table, current user if NULL |
object_name | Name of table or view to which to alter a Data Redaction policy |
policy_name | Name of policy limited to 30 bytes |
action | Action to take. For more information see Table 121-2, 'Values for action Parameter of DBMS_REDACT.ALTER_POLICY'. |
column_name | [Optional] Name of one column to which the redaction policy applies. |
function_type | Type of redaction function to use. Possible values are: - DBMS_REDACT.NONE - DBMS_REDACT.FULL (default)- DBMS_REDACT.PARTIAL - DBMS_REDACT.RANDOM - DBMS_REDACT.REGEXP If the function_type is DBMS_REDACT.REGEXP, then the function_parameters parameter must be omitted completely, and the regexp_pattern , regexp_replace_string , regexp_position , regexp_occurrence , and regexp_match_parameter must be used to define the Data Redaction policy.See Table 121-1, 'Values for function_type Parameter of DBMS_REDACT.ADD_POLICY' for an overview of the meanings of these values, and for some examples of their use. |
function_parameters | Parameters to the redaction function. The possible values depend on the value of the function_type provided.If the function_type is DBMS_REDACT.REGEXP, then the function_parameters parameter must be omitted completely, and the regexp_pattern , regexp_replace_string , regexp_position , regexp_occurrence , and regexp_match_parameter must be used to define the Data Redaction policy.- If the function_type is DBMS_REDACT.NONE , the function_parameters parameter can be omitted entirely and defaults to NULL .- If the function_type is DBMS_REDACT.FULL , the function_parameters parameter can be omitted entirely and defaults to NULL .- If the function_type is DBMS_REDACT.PARTIAL , the function_parameters parameter represents the masking parameters for partial masking.
For number datatypes, a comma-separated list containing these fields:
|
For datetime datatypes, the format is a packed string (no spaces or commas) containing the following sequence of fields. Please note that each field can consist of one or more characters, and the field length depends on whether masking is required. The one-character fields are used to specify that no redaction of that component of the datetime value is to take place. The longer fields indicate a specific time or date to use as the redacted value of that component of the datetime value.
An example is 'm12DYHMS' , which changes 01-May-01 01:01:01 to 01-Dec-01 01:01:01 For partial character and number-masking shortcuts, see Oracle Database Advanced Security Guide. | |
expression | Boolean expression for the table or view, using either the SYS_CONTEXT function or 1=1 . Redaction takes place only if this policy expression evaluates to TRUE . |
regexp_pattern | Regular expression pattern up to 512 bytes. Use only if the function_type parameter is DBMS_REDACT.REGEXP . Also, do not specify the function_parameters parameter when function_type is DBMS_REDACT.REGEXP .See Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for more information and examples on using regular expression patterns |
regexp_replace_string | Replacement string (up to 4000 characters in length) with up to 500 back-references to subexpressions in the form n , where n is a number between 1 and 9.Use only if the function_type parameter is DBMS_REDACT.REGEXP |
regexp_position | Integer counting from 1, specifies the position where the search must begin. Use only if the function_type parameter is DBMS_REDACT.REGEXP |
regexp_occurrence |
Use only if the function_type parameter is DBMS_REDACT.REGEXP |
regexp_match_parameter | Changes the default matching behavior, possible values are a combination of 'i', 'c', 'n', 'm', 'x' Use only if the function_type parameter is DBMS_REDACT.REGEXP See Oracle Database SQL Language Reference for more information and examples on using regular expression match parameters. |
Iina 1 0 6 inches. policy_description | Description of redaction policy |
column_description | Description of the column being redacted |
Exceptions
ORA-28062
- The policy expression is too long.ORA-28063
- The policy expression is empty.ORA-28064
- The type of redaction function is not valid.ORA-28066
- Invalid columncolumn
ORA-28067
- Missing or invalid column nameORA-28068 -
The objectobject
does not have a Data Redaction policy.ORA-28070
- The columncolumn
does not have a Data Redaction policy.ORA-28071
- The action is not valid.ORA-28072
- The specified policy name is incorrect.ORA-28073
- The columncolumn_name
has an unsupported datatype.ORA-28074
- The fieldfield_name
of the masking parameters is not validThe field can be any of the following:REDACT_PARTIAL_INPUT_FORMAT
REDACT_PARTIAL_OUTPUT_FORMAT
REDACT_PARTIAL_MASKCHAR
REDACT_PARTIAL_MASKFROM
REDACT_PARTIAL_MASKTO
REDACT_PARTIAL_DATE_MONTH
REDACT_PARTIAL_DATE_DAY
REDACT_PARTIAL_DATE_YEAR
REDACT_PARTIAL_DATE_HOUR
REDACT_PARTIAL_DATE_MINUTE
REDACT_PARTIAL_DATE_SECOND
See Table 121-3 and Table 121-4 for examples of the field contents and field ordering.ORA-28075
- The policy expression has unsupported functions.ORA-28076
- An attribute was not specified forSYS_SESSION_ROLES.
ORA-28077
- The attribute specified (attribute
) exceeds the maximum length.ORA-28078
- A regular expression parameter is missing or invalid.ORA-28082
- The parameter parameter is invalid (where the possible values arefunction_parameters
,column_description,
policy_name
andpolicy_description
)ORA-28085
- The input and output lengths of the redaction do not match.
Usage Notes
See Operating Procedures for more information regarding Function Types and Function Parameters with related examples.
DISABLE_POLICY Procedure
This procedure disables a Data Redaction policy.
Parameters
Table 121-8 DISABLE_POLICY Procedure Parameters
Parameter | Description |
---|---|
object_schema | Schema owning the table or view, current user if NULL |
object_name | Name of table or view for which to disable a Data Redaction policy |
policy_name | Name of policy to be disabled |
Exceptions
ORA-28068
- The objectobject
does not have a Data Redaction policy.ORA-28072
- The specified policy name is incorrect.ORA-28080
- The policy was already disabled.
DROP_POLICY Procedure
This procedure drops a Data Redaction policy by removing a masking policy from the table or view.
Parameters
Table 121-9 DROP_POLICY Procedure Parameters
Parameter | Description |
---|---|
object_schema | Schema owning the table or view, current user if NULL |
object_name | Name of table or view from which to drop a Data Redaction policy |
policy_name | Name of policy to be dropped |
Exceptions
ORA-28068
- The objectobject
does not have a Data Redaction policy.ORA-28072
- The specified policy name is incorrect.
ENABLE_POLICY Procedure
This procedure re-enables a Data Redaction policy.
Parameters
Table 121-10 ENABLE_POLICY Procedure Parameters
Parameter | Description |
---|---|
object_schema | Schema owning the table or view, current user if NULL |
object_name | Name of table or view to which to enable a Data Redaction policy |
policy_name | Name of policy to be enabled |
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Exceptions
ORA-28068
- The objectobject
does not have a Data Redaction policy.ORA-28071
- The action is not valid.ORA-28072
- The specified policy name is incorrect.ORA-28079
- The policy was already enabled.
UPDATE_FULL_REDACTION_VALUES Procedure
This procedure modifies the default displayed values for a Data Redaction policy for full redaction.
Parameters
Table 121-11 UPDATE_FULL_REDACTION_VALUES Procedure Parameters
Parameter | Description |
---|---|
number_val | Modifies the default value for columns of the NUMBER datatype |
binfloat_val | Modifies the default value for columns of the BINARY_FLOAT datatype |
bindouble_val | Modifies the default value for columns of the BINARY_DOUBLE datatype |
char_val | Modifies the default value for columns of the CHAR datatype |
varchar_val | Modifies the default value for columns of the VARCHAR2 datatype |
nchar_val | Modifies the default value for columns of the NCHAR datatype |
nvarchar_val | Modifies the default value for columns of the NVARCHAR2 datatype |
date | Modifies the default value for columns of the DATE datatype |
ts_val | Modifies the default value for columns of the TIMESTAMP datatype |
tswtz_val | Modifies the default value for columns of the TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE datatype |
blob_val | Modifies the default value for columns of the BLOB datatype |
clob_val | Modifies the default value for columns of the CLOB datatype |
nclob_val | Modifies the default value for columns of the NCLOB datatype |
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Exceptions
ORA-28082
- The parameter parameter is invalid (where the possible values are char_val
, nchar_val
, varchar_val
and nvarchar_val
) The new European data protection law requires us to inform you of the following before you use our website:
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